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16:13 ( || אֲבָנִים ); וַיַּעֲלוּ ע׳ עַל־רֹאשׁ Jos 7:6 (JE; sign of grief), so Ez 27:30 La 2:1 0, and ( c. זָרַק ) Jb 2:12 ; loose earth (on surface of ground) 1 K 18:38 Am 2:7 Is 34: 7, 9 Lv 17:13 ( H ) Ez 24:7 (in fig. ), Nu 5:17 Jb 14:1 9; 38:38 ; 39:14 , Gn 26:15 ( R ), made into siege works Hb 1:10 ; of sand-storm Dt 28:24 ( + אָבָק ); as serpent’s food, token of punishment and humiliation, Gn 3:14 ( J ) Is 65:25 ( cf. Mi 7:17 2 e infr .); זִחֲלֵי ע׳ Dt 32:24 (poem; cf. 2 e ). b. specif. as material of human body Gn 2:7 ; 3:19 ( J ), Ec 3:20 , cf. Jb 4:1 9; 8:19 ψ 103:14 , to

which it returns ( שׁוּב אֶל־ ) Gn 3:19 Jb 10:9 ψ 104:29 Ec 3:2 0; so ( c. עַל ) Jb 34:15 Ec 12: 7. c. = surface of ground Ex 8:12 , 13 (×2) ( P ; ע׳ הָאָרֶץ ), Jb 19:25 Is 25:12 ; 26:5 (both || אֶרֶץ ), surface of (whole) earth Jb 41:25 , מְחִלֹות ע׳ Is 2:19 (for hiding), so ע׳ alone v 1 0, cf. חֹרֵי ע׳ Jb 30: 6; = soil , Jb 5:6 ; 7:5 ; 14:8 .
d. powder of anything pulverized Dt 9:21 (×2) ( cf. דָּ˜ק || Ex 32:2 0), 2 K 23:6 (×2), 12 , 15 , so in sim. 2 S 22:43 = ψ 18:43 hence = ashes v 4 Nu 19:1 7. e. debris of ruined city 1 K 20:10 Ez 26: 4, 12 Ne 3:3 4; 4:4 ψ 102:15 . The foll. are late: f. earth

of the grave: לֶע׳ אֶשְׁכַּב Jb 7:2 1, so ( c. עַל ) 20:11 ; 21:26 , cf. 17:1 6;

יֹורְדֵי ע׳ ψ 22:30 , שֹׁכְנֵי ע׳ Is 26:1 9, יְשֵׁנֵי אַדְמַת־ע׳ Dn 12: 2;

עֲפַר־מָוֶת ψ 22:16 ; ע׳ in fig. ψ 30:10 . g. mortar (i.e. dried mud) for plastering houses Lv 14:41 , 42 , 45 ( P ). h. (iron-) ore Jb 28: 2; עַפְרֹת זָהָב v 6 golddust (but v. סַפִּיר ). i. material of earth Is 40:12 , cf. ראֹשׁ עַפְרֹת תֵּבֵל Pr 8:26 the first of the earth-particles of the world . 2. fig. : a. of abundance Gn
13:16
(×2); 28:14 (all J ) 2 Ch 1:9 Jb 27:16 ψ 78:27 ( || חֹול יַמִּים ), cf. עֲפַר יַעֲקֹב Nu 23:10 (JE); with added idea of commonness, worthlessness Zp 1:17 Zc 9:3 . b of worthlessness (alone) Jb 22:24 . c. sim. of the scattered, dispersed 2 K 13:7 ; כֶּע׳ Is 41:2 (so van d. H. Gins b; Baer כֵּע׳ ; on meaning v. Du Ch e, reading תְּשִׂימֵם for יִתֵּן ). d. of self-abasement Gn 18:27 ( + אֵפֶר ), וָאֵפֶר וְנִחַמְתִּי עַל־ע׳ Jb 42: 6, יִתֵּן בֶּע׳ פִּיהוּ La 3:2 9. e. of humiliation (sitting or lying in dust) Is 29:4 ; 47:1 Mi 1:10 Jb 16:1 5; 40:13 ψ 7:6 ; 44:26 ; 119:25 , sim. Jb 30:1 9; licking dust ψ 72:9 Is 49:23 Mi 7:1 7, cf. TelAm. tikalu ipra (of enemies, v. Wkl Altor. Forsch. iii. 291 ; also of serpent 1 a supr .); of י׳ raising from the dust 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7 , 1 K 16:2 ; of lifting oneself Is 52:2 .

[ עָפַר S 6080 TWOT 1664 GK 6759 ] vb. denom. Pi. וְעִפַּר בֶּעָפָר 2 S 16:13 and kept dusting (him) with dust (throwing) [lumps of] dry earth at him).

R Redactor (e.g. in Hexateuch). Du B. Duhm.


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